Wittgenstein thrice quotes from Augustine's Confessions in the Philosophical Investigations . He began his Philosophical Investigations with a quotation from book one of the Confessions, where Augustine described how he learned to speak. His critique of the "Augustinian Picture theory" of language, which extended to paragraph 64, provides "a convenient focus to present (in his new idiom) points of agreement as well as disagreement with his earlier thought." At paragraph 89, he quotes from book XI, and Augustine's famous dilemma about understanding temporality. We know what time is, but if we ask "what is time" we seem not to be able to explain it. And at paragraph 436, we find Wittgenstein again quoting from book XI. Concerning words, they are "manifest and ordinary, and yet the things themselves are too deeply hidden, and discovering them is new". As Augustine's description of language from the Confessions seemed a good point of departure for Wittgenstein's further investigations into the nature of language, so I propose to continue the relationship.
Wittgenstein, in his preface to the Tractatus, tells his readers the meaning and method of his work:
Its whole meaning could be summed up somewhat as follows: What can be said at all can be said clearly; and whereof one cannot speak thereof one must be silent... The book will, therefore, draw a limit to thinking, or rather--not to thinking, but to the expression of thoughts...
From the outset of the TLP, Wittgenstein was convinced that the problems of philosophy stemmed from a "misunderstanding of the logic of our language" , a misunderstanding which was to be cleared once one understood that logic. Thus a correct understanding of his work will take into account both the meaning and the method of the TLP. How we arrive at the union of the two is done through an examination of language, or more properly, through language itself.
Wittgenstein further elaborated on the purpose of his early work in a letter to his publisher, Von Fricker:
The book's point is an ethical one. I once meant to include in the preface a sentence which is not in fact there now but which I will write out for you here, because it will perhaps be a key to the work for you. What I meant to write, then, was this: My work consists of two parts: the one presented here plus all that I have not written, and it is precisely this second part that is the important one.
The goal then is to use the "ladder" to climb to the transcendent. One is supposed to have "climbed out through them, on them, over them. (He must so to speak throw away the ladder, after he has climbed up)". Logic and ethics, the principle of the world and its value, are transcendent. These are things which "cannot be expressed" , they are "not to be found in the world, they cannot be represented by sentences." This means that one does not directly describe the ethical, but rather what it is, is shown by language. This is also a route taken by Augustine: the content of ethics shows itself in the analysis of language in Book XII of the Confessions.
Though Wittgenstein of the Philosophical Investigations may not agree, I suggest that he (Wittgenstein) had already found a clue to unravelling Augustine's dilemma about time, how these "ordinary words" can be understood, and that Augustine's interest in language went far beyond that presented in Confessions I, viii. In the course of the examination into the nature of time in the Confessions, Augustine posits and then dismisses several ancient theories. In chapter 27 of book XI, he takes a new approach. He investigates the relationship between time and eternity by examining a "proposition", so to speak, a line from a hymn written by Ambrose: "Deus creator omnium." In short, Augustine's approach can be understood in terms of the arguments of the Tractatus, specifically: the distinction between saying and showing which is put forth by Wittgenstein in his own analysis of language. The "picture theory" is not the only analysis of language which Augustine undertook. In the course of the Confessions he was also intensely interested in a particular "kind" of language: revelation. In Book XII he engaged in analysis of the first line of Scripture, and his analysis of language led him to an ethical conclusion.
the rest after lunch...
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